x.train: Explanatory variables for training (in sample) data.
May be a matrix or a data frame, with (as usual) rows corresponding to observations and columns to variables.
If a variable is a factor in a data frame, it is replaced with dummies. Note that q dummies are created if q>2 and one dummy is created if q=2, where q is the number of levels of the factor. lbart will generate draws of f(x) for each x
which is a row of x.train.
y.train: Binary dependent variable for training (in sample) data.
x.test: Explanatory variables for test (out of sample) data.
Should have same structure as x.train.
lbart will generate draws of f(x) for each x which is a row of x.test.
sparse: Whether to perform variable selection based on a sparse Dirichlet prior rather than simply uniform; see Linero 2016.
a: Sparse parameter for Beta(a,b) prior: 0.5<=a<=1 where lower values inducing more sparsity.
b: Sparse parameter for Beta(a,b) prior; typically, b=1.
rho: Sparse parameter: typically rho=p where p is the number of covariates under consideration.
augment: Whether data augmentation is to be performed in sparse variable selection.
xinfo: You can provide the cutpoints to BART or let BART choose them for you. To provide them, use the xinfo
argument to specify a list (matrix) where the items (rows) are the covariates and the contents of the items (columns) are the cutpoints.
usequants: If usequants=FALSE, then the cutpoints in xinfo are generated uniformly; otherwise, if TRUE, uniform quantiles are used for the cutpoints.
cont: Whether or not to assume all variables are continuous.
rm.const: Whether or not to remove constant variables.
tau.interval: The width of the interval to scale the variance for the terminal leaf values.
k: For numeric y, k is the number of prior standard deviations E(Y∣x)=f(x) is away from +/-.5. For binary y, k is the number of prior standard deviations f(x) is away from +/-3. In both cases, the bigger k is, the more conservative the fitting will be.
power: Power parameter for tree prior.
base: Base parameter for tree prior.
binaryOffset: Used for binary y.
The model is P(Y=1∣x)=F(f(x)+binaryOffset).
ntree: The number of trees in the sum.
numcut: The number of possible values of c (see usequants). If a single number if given, this is used for all variables. Otherwise a vector with length equal to ncol(x.train) is required, where the ith element gives the number of c used for the ith variable in x.train. If usequants is false, numcut equally spaced cutoffs are used covering the range of values in the corresponding column of x.train. If usequants is true, then min(numcut, the number of unique values in the corresponding columns of x.train - 1) c values are used.
ndpost: The number of posterior draws returned.
nskip: Number of MCMC iterations to be treated as burn in.
nkeeptrain: Number of MCMC iterations to be returned for train data.
nkeeptest: Number of MCMC iterations to be returned for test data.
nkeeptreedraws: Number of MCMC iterations to be returned for tree draws.
keepevery: Every keepevery draw is kept to be returned to the user.
printevery: As the MCMC runs, a message is printed every printevery draws.
transposed: When running lbart in parallel, it is more memory-efficient to transpose x.train and x.test, if any, prior to calling mc.lbart.
Details
BART is an Bayesian MCMC method. At each MCMC interation, we produce a draw from the joint posterior f∥(x,y) in the numeric y case and just f in the binary y case.
Thus, unlike a lot of other modelling methods in R, we do not produce a single model object from which fits and summaries may be extracted. The output consists of values f∗(x)
where * denotes a particular draw. The x is either a row from the training data (x.train) or the test data (x.test).
Returns
lbart returns an object of type lbart which is essentially a list.
yhat.train: A matrix with ndpost rows and nrow(x.train) columns. Each row corresponds to a draw f∗ from the posterior of f
and each column corresponds to a row of x.train. The (i,j) value is f∗(x) for the itˆh kept draw of f
and the jtˆh row of x.train.
Burn-in is dropped.
yhat.test: Same as yhat.train but now the x's are the rows of the test data.
yhat.train.mean: train data fits = mean of yhat.train columns.
yhat.test.mean: test data fits = mean of yhat.test columns.
varcount: a matrix with ndpost rows and nrow(x.train) columns. Each row is for a draw. For each variable (corresponding to the columns), the total count of the number of times that variable is used in a tree decision rule (over all trees) is given.
In addition, the list has a binaryOffset giving the value used.
Note that in the binary y, case yhat.train and yhat.test are f(x)+binaryOffset. If you want draws of the probability P(Y=1∣x) you need to apply the Logistic CDF (plogis) to these values.
See Also
wbart
Examples
data(ACTG175)## exclude those who do not have CD4 count at 96 weeksex <- is.na(ACTG175$cd496)table(ex)## inclusion criteria are CD4 counts between 200 and 500ACTG175$cd40 <- min(500, max(250, ACTG175$cd40))## calculate relative CD4 decliney <-((ACTG175$cd496-ACTG175$cd40)/ACTG175$cd40)[!ex]summary(y)## 0=failure, 1=successy <-1*(y >-0.5)## summarize CD4 outcomestable(y, ACTG175$arms[!ex])table(y, ACTG175$arms[!ex])/ matrix(table(ACTG175$arms[!ex]), nrow=2, ncol=4, byrow=TRUE)## drop unneeded and unwanted variables## 1: 'pidnum' patient ID number##14: 'str2' which will be handled by strat1 below##15: 'strat' which will be handled by strat1-strat3 below##17: 'treat' handled by arm0-arm3 below##18: 'offtrt' indicator of off-treatment before 96 weeks##20: 'cd420' CD4 T cell count at 20 weeks##21: 'cd496' CD4 T cell count at 96 weeks##22: 'r' missing CD4 T cell count at 96 weeks##24: 'cd820' CD8 T cell count at 20 weeks##25: 'cens' indicator of observing the event in days##26: 'days' number of days until the primary endpoint##27: 'arms' handled by arm0-arm3 belowtrain <- as.matrix(ACTG175)[!ex,-c(1,14:15,17,18,20:22,24:27)]train <- cbind(1*(ACTG175$strat[!ex]==1),1*(ACTG175$strat[!ex]==2),1*(ACTG175$strat[!ex]==3), train)dimnames(train)[[2]][1:3]<- paste0('strat',1:3)train <- cbind(1*(ACTG175$arms[!ex]==0),1*(ACTG175$arms[!ex]==1),1*(ACTG175$arms[!ex]==2),1*(ACTG175$arms[!ex]==3), train)dimnames(train)[[2]][1:4]<- paste0('arm',0:3)N <- nrow(train)test0 <- train; test0[,1:4]<-0; test0[,1]<-1test1 <- train; test1[,1:4]<-0; test1[,2]<-1test2 <- train; test2[,1:4]<-0; test2[,3]<-1test3 <- train; test3[,1:4]<-0; test3[,4]<-1test <- rbind(test0, test1, test2, test3)##test BART with token run to ensure installation works## set.seed(21)## post <- lbart(train, y, test, nskip=5, ndpost=5)## Not run:set.seed(21)post <- lbart(train, y, test)## turn z-scores into probabilitiespost$prob.test <- plogis(post$yhat.test)## average over the posterior samplespost$prob.test.mean <- apply(post$prob.test,2, mean)## place estimates for arms 0-3 next to each other for convenienceitr <- cbind(post$prob.test.mean[(1:N)], post$prob.test.mean[N+(1:N)], post$prob.test.mean[2*N+(1:N)], post$prob.test.mean[3*N+(1:N)])## find the BART ITR for each patientitr.pick <- integer(N)for(i in1:N) itr.pick[i]<- which(itr[i,]==max(itr[i,]))-1## arms 0 and 3 (monotherapy) are never chosentable(itr.pick)## do arms 1 and 2 show treatment heterogeneity?diff. <- apply(post$prob.test[,2*N+(1:N)]-post$prob.test[, N+(1:N)],2, mean)plot(sort(diff.), type='h', main='ACTG175 trial: 50% CD4 decline from baseline at 96 weeks', xlab='Arm 2 (1) Preferable to the Right (Left)', ylab='Prob.Diff.: Arms 2 - 1')library(rpart)library(rpart.plot)## make data frame for nicer names in the plotvar <- as.data.frame(train[,-(1:4)])dss <- rpart(diff. ~ var$age+var$gender+var$race+var$wtkg+var$cd40+var$cd80+ var$karnof+var$symptom+var$hemo+var$homo+var$drugs+var$z30+ var$zprior+var$oprior+var$strat1+var$strat2+var$strat3, method='anova', control=rpart.control(cp=0.1))rpart.plot(dss, type=3, extra=101)## if strat1==1 (antiretroviral naive), then arm 2 is better## otherwise, arm 1print(dss)all0 <- apply(post$prob.test[,(1:N)],1, mean)all1 <- apply(post$prob.test[, N+(1:N)],1, mean)all2 <- apply(post$prob.test[,2*N+(1:N)],1, mean)all3 <- apply(post$prob.test[,3*N+(1:N)],1, mean)## BART ITRBART.itr <- apply(post$prob.test[, c(N+which(itr.pick==1),2*N+which(itr.pick==2))],1, mean)test <- train
test[,1:4]<-0test[test[,5]==0,2]<-1test[test[,5]==1,3]<-1## BART ITR simpleBART.itr.simp <- pwbart(test, post$treedraws)BART.itr.simp <- apply(plogis(BART.itr.simp),1, mean)plot(density(BART.itr), xlab='Value', xlim=c(0.475,0.775), lwd=2, main='ACTG175 trial: 50% CD4 decline from baseline at 96 weeks')lines(density(BART.itr.simp), col='brown', lwd=2)lines(density(all0), col='green', lwd=2)lines(density(all1), col='red', lwd=2)lines(density(all2), col='blue', lwd=2)lines(density(all3), col='yellow', lwd=2)legend('topleft', legend=c('All Arm 0 (ZDV only)','All Arm 1 (ZDV+DDI)','All Arm 2 (ZDV+DDC)','All Arm 3 (DDI only)','BART ITR simple','BART ITR'), col=c('green','red','blue','yellow','brown','black'), lty=1, lwd=2)## End(Not run)