arms function

Function to perform Adaptive Rejection Metropolis Sampling

Generates a sequence of random variables using ARMS. For multivariate densities, ARMS is used along randomly selected straight lines through the current point.

arms(y.start, myldens, indFunc, n.sample, ...)

Arguments

• y.start: initial point
• myldens: univariate or multivariate log target density
• indFunc: indicator function of the convex support of the target density
• n.sample: desired sample size
• ...: parameters passed to myldens and indFunc

Details

Strictly speaking, the support of the target density must be a bounded convex set. When this is not the case, the following tricks usually work. If the support is not bounded, restrict it to a bounded set having probability practically one. A workaround, if the support is not convex, is to consider the convex set generated by the support and define myldens to return log(.Machine$double.xmin) outside the true support (see the last example.)

The next point is generated along a randomly selected line through the current point using arms.

Make sure the value returned by myldens is never smaller than log(.Machine$double.xmin), to avoid divisions by zero.

Returns

An n.sample by length(y.start) matrix, whose rows are the sampled points.

References

Gilks, W.R., Best, N.G. and Tan, K.K.C. (1995) Adaptive rejection Metropolis sampling within Gibbs sampling (Corr: 97V46 p541-542 with Neal, R.M.), Applied Statistics

44 :455--472.

Author(s)

Giovanni Petris GPetris@uark.edu

Note

The function is based on original C code by W. Gilks for the univariate case.

Examples

#### ==> Warning: running the examples may take a few minutes! <== ####    

set.seed(4521222)
### Univariate densities
## Unif(-r,r) 
y <- arms(runif(1,-1,1), function(x,r) 1, function(x,r) (x>-r)*(x<r), 5000, r=2)
summary(y); hist(y,prob=TRUE,main="Unif(-r,r); r=2")
## Normal(mean,1)
norldens <- function(x,mean) -(x-mean)^2/2 
y <- arms(runif(1,3,17), norldens, function(x,mean) ((x-mean)>-7)*((x-mean)<7),
          5000, mean=10)
summary(y); hist(y,prob=TRUE,main="Gaussian(m,1); m=10")
curve(dnorm(x,mean=10),3,17,add=TRUE)
## Exponential(1)
y <- arms(5, function(x) -x, function(x) (x>0)*(x<70), 5000)
summary(y); hist(y,prob=TRUE,main="Exponential(1)")
curve(exp(-x),0,8,add=TRUE)
## Gamma(4.5,1) 
y <- arms(runif(1,1e-4,20), function(x) 3.5*log(x)-x,
          function(x) (x>1e-4)*(x<20), 5000)
summary(y); hist(y,prob=TRUE,main="Gamma(4.5,1)")
curve(dgamma(x,shape=4.5,scale=1),1e-4,20,add=TRUE)
## Gamma(0.5,1) (this one is not log-concave)
y <- arms(runif(1,1e-8,10), function(x) -0.5*log(x)-x,
          function(x) (x>1e-8)*(x<10), 5000)
summary(y); hist(y,prob=TRUE,main="Gamma(0.5,1)")
curve(dgamma(x,shape=0.5,scale=1),1e-8,10,add=TRUE)
## Beta(.2,.2) (this one neither)
y <- arms(runif(1), function(x) (0.2-1)*log(x)+(0.2-1)*log(1-x),
          function(x) (x>1e-5)*(x<1-1e-5), 5000)
summary(y); hist(y,prob=TRUE,main="Beta(0.2,0.2)")
curve(dbeta(x,0.2,0.2),1e-5,1-1e-5,add=TRUE)
## Triangular
y <- arms(runif(1,-1,1), function(x) log(1-abs(x)), function(x) abs(x)<1, 5000)     
summary(y); hist(y,prob=TRUE,ylim=c(0,1),main="Triangular")
curve(1-abs(x),-1,1,add=TRUE)
## Multimodal examples (Mixture of normals)
lmixnorm <- function(x,weights,means,sds) {
    log(crossprod(weights, exp(-0.5*((x-means)/sds)^2 - log(sds))))
}
y <- arms(0, lmixnorm, function(x,...) (x>(-100))*(x<100), 5000, weights=c(1,3,2),
          means=c(-10,0,10), sds=c(1.5,3,1.5))
summary(y); hist(y,prob=TRUE,main="Mixture of Normals")
curve(colSums(c(1,3,2)/6*dnorm(matrix(x,3,length(x),byrow=TRUE),c(-10,0,10),c(1.5,3,1.5))),
      par("usr")[1], par("usr")[2], add=TRUE)

### Bivariate densities 
## Bivariate standard normal
y <- arms(c(0,2), function(x) -crossprod(x)/2,
          function(x) (min(x)>-5)*(max(x)<5), 500)
plot(y, main="Bivariate standard normal", asp=1)
## Uniform in the unit square
y <- arms(c(0.2,.6), function(x) 1,
          function(x) (min(x)>0)*(max(x)<1), 500)
plot(y, main="Uniform in the unit square", asp=1)
polygon(c(0,1,1,0),c(0,0,1,1))
## Uniform in the circle of radius r
y <- arms(c(0.2,0), function(x,...) 1,
          function(x,r2) sum(x^2)<r2, 500, r2=2^2)
plot(y, main="Uniform in the circle of radius r; r=2", asp=1)
curve(-sqrt(4-x^2), -2, 2, add=TRUE)
curve(sqrt(4-x^2), -2, 2, add=TRUE)
## Uniform on the simplex
simp <- function(x) if ( any(x<0) || (sum(x)>1) ) 0 else 1
y <- arms(c(0.2,0.2), function(x) 1, simp, 500)
plot(y, xlim=c(0,1), ylim=c(0,1), main="Uniform in the simplex", asp=1)
polygon(c(0,1,0), c(0,0,1))
## A bimodal distribution (mixture of normals)
bimodal <- function(x) { log(prod(dnorm(x,mean=3))+prod(dnorm(x,mean=-3))) }
y <- arms(c(-2,2), bimodal, function(x) all(x>(-10))*all(x<(10)), 500)
plot(y, main="Mixture of bivariate Normals", asp=1)

## A bivariate distribution with non-convex support
support <- function(x) {
    return(as.numeric( -1 < x[2] && x[2] < 1 &&
                      -2 < x[1] &&
                      ( x[1] < 1 || crossprod(x-c(1,0)) < 1 ) ) )
}
Min.log <- log(.Machine$double.xmin) + 10
logf <- function(x) {
    if ( x[1] < 0 ) return(log(1/4))
    else
        if (crossprod(x-c(1,0)) < 1 ) return(log(1/pi))
    return(Min.log)
}
x <- as.matrix(expand.grid(seq(-2.2,2.2,length=40),seq(-1.1,1.1,length=40)))
y <- sapply(1:nrow(x), function(i) support(x[i,]))
plot(x,type='n',asp=1)
points(x[y==1,],pch=1,cex=1,col='green')
z <- arms(c(0,0), logf, support, 1000)
points(z,pch=20,cex=0.5,col='blue')
polygon(c(-2,0,0,-2),c(-1,-1,1,1))
curve(-sqrt(1-(x-1)^2),0,2,add=TRUE)
curve(sqrt(1-(x-1)^2),0,2,add=TRUE)
sum( z[,1] < 0 ) # sampled points in the square
sum( apply(t(z)-c(1,0),2,crossprod) < 1 ) # sampled points in the circle