# General plot function from SAEM Several plots (selectable by the type argument) are currently available: convergence plot, individual plots, predictions versus observations, distribution plots, VPC, residual plots, mirror. ```r ## S4 method for signature 'SaemixObject,ANY' plot(x, y, ...) ``` ## Arguments - `x`: an object returned by the `saemix` function - `y`: empty - ``...``: optional arguments passed to the plots ## Returns None ## Details This is the generic plot function for an SaemixObject object, which implements different graphs related to the algorithm (convergence plots, likelihood estimation) as well as diagnostic graphs. A description is provided in the PDF documentation. Arguments such as main, xlab, etc... that can be given to the generic plot function may be used, and will be interpreted according to the type of plot that is to be drawn. A special argument plot.type can be set to determine the type of plot; it can be one of: - **data:**: A spaghetti plot of the data,displaying the observed data y as a function of the regression variable (time for a PK application) - **convergence:**: For each parameter in the model, this plot shows the evolution of the parameter estimate versus the iteration number - **likelihood:**: Graph showing the evolution of the log-likelihood during the estimation by importance sampling - **observations.vs.predictions:**: Plot of the predictions computed with the population parameters versus the observations (left), and plot of the predictions computed with the individual parameters versus the observations (right) - **residuals.scatter:**: Scatterplot of the residuals versus the predictor (top) and versus predictions (bottom), for weighted residuals (population residuals, left), individual weighted residuals (middle) and npde (right). - **residuals.distribution:**: Distribution of the residuals, plotted as histogram (top) and as a QQ-plot (bottom), for weighted residuals (population residuals, left), individual weighted residuals (middle) and npde (right). - **individual.fit:**: Individual fits are obtained using the individual parameters with the individual covariates - **population.fit:**: Population fits are obtained using the population parameters with the individual covariates - **both.fit:**: Individual fits, superposing fits obtained using the population parameters with the individual covariates (red) and using the individual parameters with the individual covariates (green) - **mirror:**: Mirror plots assessing the compatibility of simulated data compared to the original - **marginal.distribution:**: Distribution of the parameters (conditional on covariates when some are included in the model). A histogram of individual parameter estimates can be overlayed on the plot, but it should be noted that the histogram does not make sense when there are covariates influencing the parameters and a warning will be displayed - **random.effects:**: Boxplot of the random effects - **correlations:**: Correlation between the random effects - **parameters.vs.covariates:**: Plots of the estimates of the individual parameters versus the covariates, using scatterplot for continuous covariates, boxplot for categorical covariates - **randeff.vs.covariates:**: Plots of the estimates of the random effects versus the covariates, using scatterplot for continuous covariates, boxplot for categorical covariates - **npde:**: Plots 4 graphs to evaluate the shape of the distribution of the normalised prediction distribution errors (npde) - **vpc:**: Visual Predictive Check, with options to include the prediction intervals around the boundaries of the selected interval as well as around the median (50th percentile of the simulated data). In addition, the following values for plot.type produce a series of plots: - **reduced:**: produces the following plots: plot of the data, convergence plots, plot of the likelihood by importance sampling (if computed), plots of observations versus predictions. This is the default behaviour of the plot function applied to an SaemixObject object - **full:**: produces the following plots: plot of the data, convergence plots, plot of the likelihood by importance sampling (if computed), plots of observations versus predictions, scatterplots and distribution of residuals, VPC, npde, boxplot of the random effects, distribution of the parameters, correlations between random effects, plots of the relationships between individually estimated parameters and covariates, plots of the relationships between individually estimated random effects and covariates ## Examples ```r data(theo.saemix) saemix.data<-saemixData(name.data=theo.saemix,header=TRUE,sep=" ",na=NA, name.group=c("Id"),name.predictors=c("Dose","Time"), name.response=c("Concentration"),name.covariates=c("Weight","Sex"), units=list(x="hr",y="mg/L",covariates=c("kg","-")), name.X="Time") model1cpt<-function(psi,id,xidep) { dose<-xidep[,1] tim<-xidep[,2] ka<-psi[id,1] V<-psi[id,2] CL<-psi[id,3] k<-CL/V ypred<-dose*ka/(V*(ka-k))*(exp(-k*tim)-exp(-ka*tim)) return(ypred) } saemix.model<-saemixModel(model=model1cpt, description="One-compartment model with first-order absorption", psi0=matrix(c(1.,20,0.5,0.1,0,-0.01),ncol=3, byrow=TRUE, dimnames=list(NULL, c("ka","V","CL"))),transform.par=c(1,1,1), covariate.model=matrix(c(0,1,0,0,0,0),ncol=3,byrow=TRUE),fixed.estim=c(1,1,1), covariance.model=matrix(c(1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1),ncol=3,byrow=TRUE), omega.init=matrix(c(1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1),ncol=3,byrow=TRUE),error.model="constant") saemix.options<-list(seed=632545,save=FALSE,save.graphs=FALSE) # Not run (strict time constraints for CRAN) # saemix.fit<-saemix(saemix.model,saemix.data,saemix.options) # Set of default plots # plot(saemix.fit) # Data # plot(saemix.fit,plot.type="data") # Convergence # plot(saemix.fit,plot.type="convergence") # Individual plot for subject 1, smoothed # plot(saemix.fit,plot.type="individual.fit",ilist=1,smooth=TRUE) # Individual plot for subject 1 to 12, with ask set to TRUE # (the system will pause before a new graph is produced) # plot(saemix.fit,plot.type="individual.fit",ilist=c(1:12),ask=TRUE) # Diagnostic plot: observations versus population predictions # par(mfrow=c(1,1)) # plot(saemix.fit,plot.type="observations.vs.predictions",level=0,new=FALSE) # LL by Importance Sampling # plot(saemix.fit,plot.type="likelihood") # Scatter plot of residuals # Data will be simulated to compute weighted residuals and npde # the results shall be silently added to the object saemix.fit # plot(saemix.fit,plot.type="residuals.scatter") # Boxplot of random effects # plot(saemix.fit,plot.type="random.effects") # Relationships between parameters and covariates # plot(saemix.fit,plot.type="parameters.vs.covariates") # Relationships between parameters and covariates, on the same page # par(mfrow=c(3,2)) # plot(saemix.fit,plot.type="parameters.vs.covariates",new=FALSE) # VPC # Not run (time constraints for CRAN) # plot(saemix.fit,plot.type="vpc") ``` ## References E Comets, A Lavenu, M Lavielle M (2017). Parameter estimation in nonlinear mixed effect models using saemix, an R implementation of the SAEM algorithm. Journal of Statistical Software, 80(3):1-41. E Kuhn, M Lavielle (2005). Maximum likelihood estimation in nonlinear mixed effects models. Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, 49(4):1020-1038. E Comets, A Lavenu, M Lavielle (2011). SAEMIX, an R version of the SAEM algorithm. 20th meeting of the Population Approach Group in Europe, Athens, Greece, Abstr 2173. ## See Also `SaemixObject`,`saemix`, `saemix.plot.setoptions`, `saemix.plot.select`, `saemix.plot.data` ## Author(s) Emmanuelle Comets [emmanuelle.comets@inserm.fr](mailto:emmanuelle.comets@inserm.fr), Audrey Lavenu, Marc Lavielle.

plot-SaemixObject-ANY-method function