# Draw Path Diagram `pathDiagram` creates a description of the path diagram for a structural-equation-model or SEM-specification object to be processed by the graph-drawing program **dot**. ```r pathDiagram(model, ...) ## S3 method for class 'sem' pathDiagram(model, file = "pathDiagram", style = c("ram", "traditional"), output.type = c("html", "graphics", "dot"), graphics.fmt = "pdf", dot.options = NULL, size = c(8, 8), node.font = c("Helvetica", 14), edge.font = c("Helvetica", 10), digits = 2, rank.direction = c("LR", "TB"), min.rank = NULL, max.rank = NULL, same.rank = NULL, variables = model$var.names, var.labels, parameters, par.labels, ignore.double = TRUE, ignore.self = FALSE, error.nodes = TRUE, edge.labels = c("names", "values", "both"), edge.colors = c("black", "black"), edge.weight = c("fixed", "proportional"), node.colors = c("transparent", "transparent", "transparent"), standardize = FALSE, ...) ## S3 method for class 'semmod' pathDiagram(model, obs.variables, ...) math(text, html.only=FALSE, hat=FALSE) ``` ## Arguments - `model`: a structural-equation-model or SEM-specification object produced by `sem`, or, respectively, `specifyEquations`, `specifyModel`, or `cfa`. - ``...``: arguments passed down, e.g., from the `semmod` method to the `sem` method. - `file`: a file name, by default `"pathDiagram"`, given **without** an extension, to which to write the **dot** description of the path diagram if `output.type` `"graphics"` or `"dot"` is selected, and for the graphics output file (with appropriate extension) if `"graphics"` output is selected, in which case a "`.dot`" file and a graphics file of type specified by the `graphics.fmt` argument (below); `file` may include a path specification. - `style`: `"ram"` (the default) for a RAM path diagram including self-directed double-headed arrows representing variances, including error variances; or `"traditional"` for a path diagram including nodes representing error variables. - `output.type`: if `"html"` (the default), the path diagram will open in the user"s default web browser; if `"dot"`, a file containing **dot** commands will be written; if `"graphics"`, both `.dot` and graphics files will be written. - `graphics.fmt`: a graphics format recognized by the **dot** program; the default is `"pdf"`; `graphics.fmt` is also used for the extension of the graphics file that is created. - `dot.options`: options to be passed to the **dot** program, given as a character string. - `size`: the size of the graph, in inches. - `node.font`: font name and point-size for printing variable names. - `edge.font`: font name and point-size for printing arrow names or values. - `digits`: number of digits after the decimal point (default, 2) to which to round parameter estimates. - `rank.direction`: draw graph left-to-right, `"LR"`, the default, or top-to-bottom, `"TB"`. - `min.rank`: a character string listing names of variables to be assigned minimum rank (order) in the graph; the names should be separated by commas. - `max.rank`: a character string listing names of variables to be assigned maximum rank in the graph; the names should be separated by commas. - `same.rank`: a character string or vector of character strings of variables to be assigned equivalent rank in the graph; names in each string should be separated by commas. - `variables`: variable names; defaults to the variable names in `model`. If specified, the variable names should be in the same order as in `model`. - `var.labels`: a character vector with labels to be used in lieu of (some of) the variables names, for greater flexibility in labelling nodes in the graph --- e.g., the labels can be created with the `math` function. The elements of the vector must have names corresponding to variables in the model. - `parameters`: parameter names; defaults to the parameter names in `model`. If specified, the parameter names should be in the same order as in `model`. - `par.labels`: a character vector with labels to be used in lieu of (some of) the parameter names, for greater flexibility in labelling edges in the graph --- e.g., the labels can be created with the `math` function. The elements of the vector must have names corresponding to parameters in the model. - `ignore.double`: if `TRUE`, the default, double-headed arrows, representing variances and covariances, are not graphed. - `ignore.self`: if `TRUE` (the default is `FALSE`), and `ignore.double=FALSE`, self-directed double-headed arrows representing error variances are suppressed; note that if `ignore.double=TRUE`, **all** double-headed arrows, including self-directed arrows, are suppressed. - `error.nodes`: if `TRUE` (the default) and `style="traditional"`, show the nodes representing error variables. - `edge.labels`: `"names"` to label arrows with parameter names; `"values"` to label arrows with parameter estimates, or `"both"`. - `edge.colors`: two-element character vector giving colors of positive and negative arrows respectively; the default is `c("black", "black")`. - `edge.weight`: if `"proportional"` (the default is `"fixed"`), the thickness of edges is proportional to the absolute size of the corresponding parameter estimate; this is generally sensible only if `standardize=TRUE`. - `node.colors`: a two- or three-element character vector giving colors of nodes representing exogenous, endogenous, and error variables (for traditional path diagrams) consecutively; the default is `"transparent"` for all three; if a two colors are given, error variables are colored as exogenous (the first color. - `standardize`: if `TRUE`, display standardized coefficients; default is `FALSE`. - `obs.variables`: a character vector with the names of the observed variables in the model. - `text`: a character string or vector of character strings to be translated into node or edge label symbols. If a vector of character strings is supplied, then the elements of the vector should be named with the corresponding variable (node) or parameter (edge) name. - `html.only`: If `TRUE` (the default is `FALSE`), the character strings in `text` are to be treated as an HTML character codes, in which case the prefix `"#"` and suffix `";"` are appended to each. Otherwise, `text` should only contain the names of lowercase or uppercase Greek letters, such as `"alpha"` or `"Alpha"`. The full set of Greek letters recognized is given in the file `Greek.txt` in the package's `etc` subdirectory -- or type `sem:::Greek` at the R command prompt. In either case, the symbols may be followed by numeric subscripts in curly braces consisting of numerals (e.g., `"beta_{12}"`), and/or numeric superscripts (e.g., `"sigma^{2}"`, `"sigma_{1}^{2}"`). Superscripts and subscripts may also include most lowercase or uppercase letters. Depending upon your OS, subscripts and superscripts may only work properly with HTML output from `pathDiagram`, not with graphics output produced by **dot**. - `hat`: If `TRUE` (the default is `FALSE`), a hat (circumflex) is placed over the symbols in `text`; this feature doesn't produce a visually appealing result. ## Details `pathDiagram` creates a description of the path diagram for a structural-equation-model or SEM-specification object to be processed by the graph-drawing program **dot**, which can be called automatically; see Koutsofios and North (2002) and [https://www.graphviz.org/](https://www.graphviz.org/). To obtain graphics output directly, the **dot** program must be on the system search path. Alternatively, **HTML** output can be created in a web browser without an independent installation of `dot` using facilities in the `DiagrammeR` package. The `math` function can be used to create node (variable) and edge (arrow) labels with symbols such as Greek letters, subscripts, and superscripts. The `semmod` method of `pathDiagram` sets up a call to the `sem` method. The various arguments to `pathDiagram` can be used to customize the diagram, but if there are too many constraints on node placement, **dot** may fail to produce a graph or may produce a distorted graph. `pathDiagram` can create both RAM-style diagrams, in which variances are represented as self-directed arrows, and traditional path diagrams, in which error variables appear explicitly as nodes. As is conventional, latent variables (including error variables) are represented as ellipses and observed variables as rectangles; double-headed arrows represent covariances (and in RAM diagrams, variances) and single-headed arrows represent structural coefficients. ## Returns `pathDiagram` invisibly returns a character vector containing **dot** commands. `math` returns a character vector containing suitable `HTML` markup. ## References Koutsofios, E., and North, S. C. (2002) Drawing graphs with **dot**. [https://graphviz.org/documentation/](https://graphviz.org/documentation/). ## Author(s) John Fox jfox@mcmaster.ca , Adam Kramer, and Michael Friendly ## See Also `sem`, `specifyEquations`, `specifyModel`, `cfa` ## Examples ```r if (interactive()) { # The Duncan, Haller, and Portes Peer-Influences Model R.DHP <- readMoments(diag=FALSE, names=c("ROccAsp", "REdAsp", "FOccAsp", "FEdAsp", "RParAsp", "RIQ", "RSES", "FSES", "FIQ", "FParAsp"), text=" .6247 .3269 .3669 .4216 .3275 .6404 .2137 .2742 .1124 .0839 .4105 .4043 .2903 .2598 .1839 .3240 .4047 .3054 .2786 .0489 .2220 .2930 .2407 .4105 .3607 .0186 .1861 .2707 .2995 .2863 .5191 .5007 .0782 .3355 .2302 .2950 .0760 .0702 .2784 .1988 .1147 .1021 .0931 -.0438 .2087 ") model.dhp <- specifyModel(text=" RParAsp -> RGenAsp, gam11, NA RIQ -> RGenAsp, gam12, NA RSES -> RGenAsp, gam13, NA FSES -> RGenAsp, gam14, NA RSES -> FGenAsp, gam23, NA FSES -> FGenAsp, gam24, NA FIQ -> FGenAsp, gam25, NA FParAsp -> FGenAsp, gam26, NA FGenAsp -> RGenAsp, beta12, NA RGenAsp -> FGenAsp, beta21, NA RGenAsp -> ROccAsp, NA, 1 RGenAsp -> REdAsp, lam21, NA FGenAsp -> FOccAsp, NA, 1 FGenAsp -> FEdAsp, lam42, NA RGenAsp <-> RGenAsp, ps11, NA FGenAsp <-> FGenAsp, ps22, NA RGenAsp <-> FGenAsp, ps12, NA ROccAsp <-> ROccAsp, theta1, NA REdAsp <-> REdAsp, theta2, NA FOccAsp <-> FOccAsp, theta3, NA FEdAsp <-> FEdAsp, theta4, NA ") sem.dhp <- sem(model.dhp, R.DHP, 329, fixed.x=c("RParAsp", "RIQ", "RSES", "FSES", "FIQ", "FParAsp")) pathDiagram(sem.dhp, min.rank="RIQ, RSES, RParAsp, FParAsp, FSES, FIQ", max.rank="ROccAsp, REdAsp, FEdAsp, FOccAsp", same.rank="RGenAsp, FGenAsp", edge.labels="values") pathDiagram(model.dhp, obs.variables=c("RParAsp", "RIQ", "RSES", "FSES", "FIQ", "FParAsp", "ROccAsp", "REdAsp", "FOccAsp", "FEdAsp"), style="traditional", node.colors=c("pink", "lightblue", "lightgreen"), min.rank="RIQ, RSES, RParAsp, FParAsp, FSES, FIQ", max.rank="ROccAsp, REdAsp, FEdAsp, FOccAsp", same.rank="RGenAsp, FGenAsp", var.labels=c(RParAsp="Respondent Parental Aspiration", RIQ="Respondent IQ", RSES="Respondent SES", FSES="Friend SES", FIQ="Friend IQ", FParAsp="Friend Parental Aspiration", ROccAsp="Respondent Occupational Aspiration", REdAsp="Respondent Educational Aspiration", RGenAsp="Respondent General Aspiration", FOccAsp="Friend Occupational Aspiration", FEdAsp="Friend Educational Aspiration", FGenAsp="Friend General Aspiration", math(c(RGenAsp.error="xi_{1}", FGenAsp.error="xi_{2}", ROccAsp.error="epsilon_{1}", REdAsp.error="epsilon_{2}", FOccAsp.error="epsilon_{3}", FEdAsp.error="epsilon_{4}"))), par.labels=math(c(gam11="gamma_{11}", gam12="gamma_{12}", gam13="gamma_{13}", gam14="gamma_{14}", gam23="gamma_{23}", gam24="gamma_{24}", gam25="gamma_{25}", gam26="gamma_{26}", beta12="beta_{12}", beta21="beta_{21}", lam21="lambda_{21}", lam42="lambda_{42}", ps11="psi_{11}", ps22="psi_{22}", ps12="psi_{12}", theta1="theta_{1}", theta2="theta_{2}", theta3="theta_{3}", theta4="theta_{4}"))) # the following example contributed by Michael Friendly: union <- readMoments(diag=TRUE, names=c('y1', 'y2', 'y3', 'x1', 'x2'), text=" 14.610 -5.250 11.017 -8.057 11.087 31.971 -0.482 0.677 1.559 1.021 -18.857 17.861 28.250 7.139 215.662 ") union.mod <- specifyEquations(covs=c("x1, x2"), text=" y1 = gam12*x2 y2 = beta21*y1 + gam22*x2 y3 = beta31*y1 + beta32*y2 + gam31*x1 ") union.sem <- sem(union.mod, union, N=173) dot <- pathDiagram(union.sem, style="traditional", ignore.double=FALSE, error.nodes=FALSE, edge.labels="values", min.rank=c("Years", "Age"), max.rank=c("Sentiment", "Sentiment.error"), same.rank=c("Deference, Deference.error", "Activism, Activism.error"), variables=c("Deference", "Activism", "Sentiment", "Years", "Age"), edge.colors=c("black", "red"), node.colors = c("pink", "lightblue")) cat(paste(dot, collapse="\n")) # dot commands } ```

pathDiagram function