# Two- and $K$-Sample Location Tests Testing the equality of the distributions of a numeric response variable in two or more independent groups against shift alternatives. ```r ## S3 method for class 'formula' oneway_test(formula, data, subset = NULL, weights = NULL, ...) ## S3 method for class 'IndependenceProblem' oneway_test(object, ...) ## S3 method for class 'formula' wilcox_test(formula, data, subset = NULL, weights = NULL, ...) ## S3 method for class 'IndependenceProblem' wilcox_test(object, conf.int = FALSE, conf.level = 0.95, ...) ## S3 method for class 'formula' kruskal_test(formula, data, subset = NULL, weights = NULL, ...) ## S3 method for class 'IndependenceProblem' kruskal_test(object, ...) ## S3 method for class 'formula' normal_test(formula, data, subset = NULL, weights = NULL, ...) ## S3 method for class 'IndependenceProblem' normal_test(object, ties.method = c("mid-ranks", "average-scores"), conf.int = FALSE, conf.level = 0.95, ...) ## S3 method for class 'formula' median_test(formula, data, subset = NULL, weights = NULL, ...) ## S3 method for class 'IndependenceProblem' median_test(object, mid.score = c("0", "0.5", "1"), conf.int = FALSE, conf.level = 0.95, ...) ## S3 method for class 'formula' savage_test(formula, data, subset = NULL, weights = NULL, ...) ## S3 method for class 'IndependenceProblem' savage_test(object, ties.method = c("mid-ranks", "average-scores"), conf.int = FALSE, conf.level = 0.95, ...) ``` ## Arguments - `formula`: a formula of the form `y ~ x | block` where `y` is a numeric variable, `x` is a factor and `block` is an optional factor for stratification. - `data`: an optional data frame containing the variables in the model formula. - `subset`: an optional vector specifying a subset of observations to be used. Defaults to `NULL`. - `weights`: an optional formula of the form `~ w` defining integer valued case weights for each observation. Defaults to `NULL`, implying equal weight for all observations. - `object`: an object inheriting from class `"IndependenceProblem"`. - `conf.int`: a logical indicating whether a confidence interval for the difference in location should be computed. Defaults to `FALSE`. - `conf.level`: a numeric, confidence level of the interval. Defaults to `0.95`. - `ties.method`: a character, the method used to handle ties: the score generating function either uses mid-ranks (`"mid-ranks"`, default) or averages the scores of randomly broken ties (`"average-scores"`). - `mid.score`: a character, the score assigned to observations exactly equal to the median: either 0 (`"0"`, default), 0.5 (`"0.5"`) or 1 (`"1"`); see Details . - `...`: further arguments to be passed to `independence_test()`. ## Details `oneway_test()`, `wilcox_test()`, `kruskal_test()`, `normal_test()`, `median_test()` and `savage_test()` provide the Fisher-Pitman permutation test, the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test, the Kruskal-Wallis test, the van der Waerden test, the Brown-Mood median test and the Savage test. A general description of these methods is given by Hollander and Wolfe (1999). For the adjustment of scores for tied values see , and Sen (1999, pp. 133--135). The null hypothesis of equality, or conditional equality given `block`, of the distribution of `y` in the groups defined by `x` is tested against shift alternatives. In the two-sample case, the two-sided null hypothesis is $H_0: mu = 0$, where $\mu = Y_1 - Y_2$ and $Y_s$ is the median of the responses in the $s$th sample. In case `alternative = "less"`, the null hypothesis is $H_0: mu >= 0$. When `alternative = "greater"`, the null hypothesis is $H_0: mu <= 0$. Confidence intervals for the difference in location are available (except for `oneway_test()`) and computed according to Bauer (1972). If `x` is an ordered factor, the default scores, `1:nlevels(x)`, can be altered using the `scores` argument (see `independence_test()`); this argument can also be used to coerce nominal factors to class `"ordered"`. In this case, a linear-by-linear association test is computed and the direction of the alternative hypothesis can be specified using the `alternative` argument. The Brown-Mood median test offers a choice of mid-score, i.e., the score assigned to observations exactly equal to the median. In the two-sample case, `mid-score = "0"` implies that the linear test statistic is simply the number of subjects in the second sample with observations greater than the median of the pooled sample. Similarly, the linear test statistic for the last alternative, `mid-score = "1"`, is the number of subjects in the second sample with observations greater than or equal to the median of the pooled sample. If `mid-score = "0.5"` is selected, the linear test statistic is the mean of the test statistics corresponding to the first and last alternatives and has a symmetric distribution, or at least approximately so, under the null hypothesis (see , and Sen, 1999, pp. 97--98). The conditional null distribution of the test statistic is used to obtain $p$-values and an asymptotic approximation of the exact distribution is used by default (`distribution = "asymptotic"`). Alternatively, the distribution can be approximated via Monte Carlo resampling or computed exactly for univariate two-sample problems by setting `distribution` to `"approximate"` or `"exact"`, respectively. See `asymptotic()`, `approximate()` and `exact()` for details. ## Returns An object inheriting from class `"IndependenceTest"`. Confidence intervals can be extracted by `confint()`. ## Note Starting with `coin` version 1.1-0, `oneway_test()` no longer allows the test statistic to be specified; a quadratic form is now used in the $K$-sample case. Please use `independence_test()` if more control is desired. ## References Bauer, D. F. (1972). Constructing confidence sets using rank statistics. **Journal of the American Statistical Association** 67 (339), 687--690. tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.1080/01621459.1972.10481279") , J., , Z. and Sen, P. K. (1999). **Theory of Rank Tests**, Second Edition. San Diego: Academic Press. Hollander, M. and Wolfe, D. A. (1999). **Nonparametric Statistical Methods**, Second Edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ## Examples ```r ## Tritiated Water Diffusion Across Human Chorioamnion ## Hollander and Wolfe (1999, p. 110, Tab. 4.1) diffusion <- data.frame( pd = c(0.80, 0.83, 1.89, 1.04, 1.45, 1.38, 1.91, 1.64, 0.73, 1.46, 1.15, 0.88, 0.90, 0.74, 1.21), age = factor(rep(c("At term", "12-26 Weeks"), c(10, 5))) ) ## Exact Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test ## Hollander and Wolfe (1999, p. 111) ## (At term - 12-26 Weeks) (wt <- wilcox_test(pd ~ age, data = diffusion, distribution = "exact", conf.int = TRUE)) ## Extract observed Wilcoxon statistic ## Note: this is the sum of the ranks for age = "12-26 Weeks" statistic(wt, type = "linear") ## Expectation, variance, two-sided pvalue and confidence interval expectation(wt) covariance(wt) pvalue(wt) confint(wt) ## For two samples, the Kruskal-Wallis test is equivalent to the W-M-W test kruskal_test(pd ~ age, data = diffusion, distribution = "exact") ## Asymptotic Fisher-Pitman test oneway_test(pd ~ age, data = diffusion) ## Approximative (Monte Carlo) Fisher-Pitman test pvalue(oneway_test(pd ~ age, data = diffusion, distribution = approximate(nresample = 10000))) ## Exact Fisher-Pitman test pvalue(ot <- oneway_test(pd ~ age, data = diffusion, distribution = "exact")) ## Plot density and distribution of the standardized test statistic op <- par(no.readonly = TRUE) # save current settings layout(matrix(1:2, nrow = 2)) s <- support(ot) d <- dperm(ot, s) p <- pperm(ot, s) plot(s, d, type = "S", xlab = "Test Statistic", ylab = "Density") plot(s, p, type = "S", xlab = "Test Statistic", ylab = "Cum. Probability") par(op) # reset ## Example data ex <- data.frame( y = c(3, 4, 8, 9, 1, 2, 5, 6, 7), x = factor(rep(c("no", "yes"), c(4, 5))) ) ## Boxplots boxplot(y ~ x, data = ex) ## Exact Brown-Mood median test with different mid-scores (mt1 <- median_test(y ~ x, data = ex, distribution = "exact")) (mt2 <- median_test(y ~ x, data = ex, distribution = "exact", mid.score = "0.5")) (mt3 <- median_test(y ~ x, data = ex, distribution = "exact", mid.score = "1")) # sign change! ## Plot density and distribution of the standardized test statistics op <- par(no.readonly = TRUE) # save current settings layout(matrix(1:3, nrow = 3)) s1 <- support(mt1); d1 <- dperm(mt1, s1) plot(s1, d1, type = "h", main = "Mid-score: 0", xlab = "Test Statistic", ylab = "Density") s2 <- support(mt2); d2 <- dperm(mt2, s2) plot(s2, d2, type = "h", main = "Mid-score: 0.5", xlab = "Test Statistic", ylab = "Density") s3 <- support(mt3); d3 <- dperm(mt3, s3) plot(s3, d3, type = "h", main = "Mid-score: 1", xlab = "Test Statistic", ylab = "Density") par(op) # reset ## Length of YOY Gizzard Shad ## Hollander and Wolfe (1999, p. 200, Tab. 6.3) yoy <- data.frame( length = c(46, 28, 46, 37, 32, 41, 42, 45, 38, 44, 42, 60, 32, 42, 45, 58, 27, 51, 42, 52, 38, 33, 26, 25, 28, 28, 26, 27, 27, 27, 31, 30, 27, 29, 30, 25, 25, 24, 27, 30), site = gl(4, 10, labels = as.roman(1:4)) ) ## Approximative (Monte Carlo) Kruskal-Wallis test kruskal_test(length ~ site, data = yoy, distribution = approximate(nresample = 10000)) ## Approximative (Monte Carlo) Nemenyi-Damico-Wolfe-Dunn test (joint ranking) ## Hollander and Wolfe (1999, p. 244) ## (where Steel-Dwass results are given) it <- independence_test(length ~ site, data = yoy, distribution = approximate(nresample = 50000), ytrafo = function(data) trafo(data, numeric_trafo = rank_trafo), xtrafo = mcp_trafo(site = "Tukey")) ## Global p-value pvalue(it) ## Sites (I = II) != (III = IV) at alpha = 0.01 (p. 244) pvalue(it, method = "single-step") # subset pivotality is violated ```

LocationTests function